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#!!/&nbsp; !/</a></div> <div style="font-family:Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><p class='pcAuthor'><span class='pcName'>Ludmila Rusinova</span><span class='pcAffil'>, Russian Christian Academy for the Humanities, St Petersburg</span><span class='pcPosition'>, student</span></p> <p class='pcTitleD'>Incontinent, Ignorant, Bigamist, an Adult Eromenoi: a Negative Image of Socrates from Aristoxenus of Tarentum<a href="#supFtn" name="supRtn">*</a></p><p class='tcSumma'>The author analyzes the negative characteristics of Socrates, described in Aristoxenus <I>Life of Socrates</i>. She focuses on the ambiguous internal qualities of Socrates and the controversial facts of his biography. The topic the author dwells upon is: did Aristoxenus criticise Socrates or did he just show him from unusual angles?</p><br /> <p class='tcKeywords'>antiquity, Socrates, biography, criticism, bigamy</p><br /> <p class='tcGrant'><a href="#supRtn" name="supFtn">*</a>AA;54>20=8O ?@>2>48;8AL ?@8 D8=0=A>2>9 ?>445@6:5 $$, ?@>5:B !18-011-00968 «!>:@0B: pro et contra. 8D > !>:@0B5 2 >B5G5AB25==>9 8 <8@>2>9 :C;LBC@5»</p><br /> <p class='hcAbstract'>Aristoxenus <I>Life of Socrates</i> has traditionally been perceived by ancient, medieval and modern scholars as a work critical of Socrates. Many scholars find Aristoxenus text unreliable and even hostile towards Socrates. This is not surprising because the portraying of Socrates given by Aristoxenus is very much different to the stories from earlier sources, especially Plato and Xenophon, who were idealizing him. &nbsp;</p> <p class='hcAbstract'> However, the image presented by Aristoxenus did not contradict the images created by the first generation of the Socratics. Such qualities of Socrates as quick temper, impulsiveness and excessive eroticism are described in particular by Plato and Xenophon. So is Aristoxenus description a criticism of Socrates or an attempt to create a more versatile image? &nbsp;</p> <p class='hcAbstract'> In his biographical text, Aristoxenus refers to his own father Spinatra, according to whom Socrates had an extraordinary power of persuasion, which is reflected in his voice, his mouth, character, and unique appearance. But sometimes, when Socrates was enraged, his transformation was terrible and he wasn t able to control his own words and deeds. Aristoxenus calls Socrates hot-tempered and irritable, but these qualities in his interpretation do not look like shortcomings, as he emphasizes the special connection between Socrates appearance and his eloquence. &nbsp;</p> <p class='hcAbstract'> In Aristoxenus description, Socrates anger, intemperance, bad manners and ignorance were tamed by philosophy. In the extant fragments of <I>Life of Socrates</i> we find a description of an episode when a philosopher Archelaus visited a seventeen-year-old Socrates. He then began teaching Socrates philosophy and made him his beloved (eromenoi). In these excerpts, Socrates does not only appear again as an intemperate and ignorant person, but also acquires the role of an adult eromenoi. The first characteristic was found in texts by other biographers of Socrates of that period, the second is inherent exclusively to Aristoxenus. &nbsp;</p> <p class='hcAbstract'> There are several problems here. First, it follows from these passages that Socrates became Archelaus lover, yielding to his own sexual desire, while the exemplary eromenoi had to remain uninterested in physical intimacy. Secondly, Socrates becomes eromenoi at the age of seventeen, while the appropriate age for this role was thirteen or fourteen years. Moreover, he continues this relationship, even having reached maturity, when by all the rules he had to put a stop to this connection.&nbsp;</p> <p class='hcAbstract'> We can assume that a number of earlier authors, in their turn, found this model of the relationship between Socrates and Archelaus potentially problematic. For example, in Plato s dialogue <I>Symposium</i> Socrates expounds his erotic doctrine referring to the mysterious prophetess Diotima. According to some researchers, this is due to the fact that if Socrates did not put his theory in someone else s (especially women s) mouth, people would have decided that the theory belongs to Socrates lover (erastai), which would have caused his authority a significant damage. &nbsp;</p> <p class='hcAbstract'> Some researchers think that a similar damage to Socrates reputation was done by Aristoxenus describing his bigamy. According to the biographer, the philosopher had two wives at the same time. They were Xanthippe and Myrto and they always quarreled with each other and with their husband. However, Aristoxenus stresses that Socrates bigamy did not violate Athenian laws. &nbsp;</p> <p class='hcAbstract'> Again, here we come upon a description of Socrates passionate nature, which Aristoxenus regularly refers to in his biographical text. Socrates had this trait in him his whole life: tamed by philosophy, but not extinct. This feature was what allowed him to be so eloquent and convincing. It had a great influence on his life reflected on his appearance. However, this feature didn t cause him to indulge in illicit actions, although sometimes his behavior still was not typical for a philosopher and a worthy Athenian</p> </div> </td> <td style="background:url(tabs/tii_69.png) repeat-y"></td> </tr> <tr> <td><img src="tabs/tii_72.png" alt="" /></td> <td style="background:url(tabs/tii_74.png) repeat-x"></td> <td><img src="tabs/tii_79.png" alt="" /></td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style='text-align:right'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Tahoma&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;'>© ;0B>=>2A:>5 >1I5AB2>, 2018 3. </span></p> <p align="right" style='margin-top:0mm;margin-right:3pt;margin-bottom: 0mm;margin-left:-36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:right'><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Tahoma&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;'><a href="../index3.htm">  !!# $ &</a></span></b></p> <!-- InstanceEndEditable --> </td> </tr> </tbody> </body> <!-- InstanceEnd --></html>